Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. One of the first . Tidewater refers to the north Atlantic Plain region of the United States. Being in York for court, and therefore in the York River vicinity, it would make sense that John Guthrie of York (deposition of 1658) would be the same John Guthrie of Kings Creek settling on land off of the York Rivers tributary, the Poropotank River. Fruits and Vegetables: Cornfresh, dried, and ground. Tidewater is a reference to the Atlantic coastal plain region of the United States of America. John Goodrich, wife Rebeccah. But when some Cherokee were killed by Virginia settlers, the Cherokee began attacking White settlements along the Yadkin and Catawba Rivers. What is TIDEWATER REGION? Genetically, Thomas Guthreys descendants do not match any of the other established Guthrie Family Groups. Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. TIDEWATER TIDEWATER is a term commonly used to designate that portion of the Atlantic coastal plain lying east of the points in rivers reached by oceanic tides. A coastal plain is a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean. PLANTATIONS PLANTATION ATLANTIC. ' (Patent Book p.425)1695 25 October 753 acres situated in K&Q at the mouth of the Mattapony R bounded by main swamp Pepetico Creek, land of Richard Gregory, Mattapony & York Rivers, including all marsh land.1702 Gutteries Ferry Established Edward Guthry was owner of land whereon Gutteries ferry, which crossed the Mattapony & Pamunkey from upper side Mattapony R to Brickhouse below the Pamunkey R. Est by Act of the General Assembly 1702. Plus, they dont consider the value of the options and upgrades in new homes chosen by the veteran buyers. In western South America, a large coastal plain lies between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? In the 18th century, not much. Slavery was a cruel system. Less wealthy German and Scots-Irish immigrants settled inland, populating the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia as well as the Appalachian Mountains. Tidewater is host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia. Along with her cattle, they were relocated near Old Plantation Creek on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Southside is the largest region in Virginia, occupying the southern portion of Virginias Piedmont between the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west and the Tidewater to the east. Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the Tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean. Why did southern colonists live more isolated lives? The Tidewater Region of Virginia is also called the Coastal Plain Region. This line delineates the abutment of the soft material of the coastal plain against the rocks of the Appalachians. In Tidewater Virginia and Back Bay (in Virginia Beach), islands and necks the peninsulas between tidal creeks were used as pastures. He appears to have twice married. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 1768 Thomas Guthrie beckoned by the court to work on the roads with Jacob Miller as the surveyor. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Middle colonies To help understand this setting that has been critical to life in Virginia for thousands of years, geographers have identified five physical regions in the state: the Coastal Plain (Tidewater), Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau. Virginia Places - Where is "Tidewater" in Virginia? Department of Geography and Planning - Appalachian State University - Tidewater Region, Virginia, United States. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Coastal plains are separated from the rest of the interior by nearby landforms, such as mountains. It is unclear whether or not he is the same John Guthridge from CCP who with Rebecca (MNU) had son Henry Guthridge born in 1683. It does not store any personal data. In New England crops didn't do well due to the rocky soil that developed from the glaciers during the ice age. At least none involved in the Guthrie DNA Project.Theory GFG1A: Is Edward Guthrie related to GFG1A? 2) Which colonial region do you think was known as the "breadbasket" of the 13 colonies . This family is enumerated in Surry during the 1820 and 1830 censuses. Starting as a feudal society that embraced slavery, the region places a high value on. 828 Words; 4 . There are five geographic areas: The Tidewater Region, The Piedmont > Region, The Blue Ridge Mountains, The Valley & >. When you examine the details of these records and look for more clues outside the regularly published genealogy books, such as the Privy Council Records of Scotland, it is possible to gain a better perspective on who these men were, when and how they came to Virginia, and where they ended up. This stranded the 150 passengers. The Tidewater is a region steeped in history. County growth was slow between 1703 and 1730, when only seven counties were formed: Spotsylvania, King George, Hanover, and Brunswick in 1720; Goochland and Caroline in 1728; and Prince William in 1730. What kind of flora is found in Tidewater? It includes the low-lying plains of southeast Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, southern Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay. Onion. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Middlesex)7) John Guthrie Sr b. SCT m. Elizabeth Baskett in 1686 /d.1706 (Middlesex)8) John Guthrie Jr born in Christ Church Parish 1689 (Middlesex). Why was there less slavery in the back country than in the Tidewater region? * The statement (which may have come from me) says that William Guthrie was reported by his son Henry as being born in Hanover County. Tidewater Colonies were those affected by the tidal surge coming in and out of bays and lowlands. As with the other colonial regions, the lifestyle of the south is directly related to its climate and geography. (Middlesex)1692 CCP Register: Masey the Sone of Jno. The first English settlements in America were founded in the Tidewater region, beginning with Jamestown in 1607. Punch was sentenced by the governing council to lifelong servitude. John was likely an indentured servant, and is noted in the deposition to be settling up caske for a tobacco planter. This 1686 marriage date is the best reference to use for an estimated birth range. $600. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? (Middlesex)1701/2 CCP Register: Mary the Daughter of Jno. In the Middle Colonies, the glaciers that had sucked up dirt from New England came to a halt. (Middlesex)1685 Deed bet Henery Davis and James Ingrham for 100a in Middlesex lists John Gufferidge and Nicholas Paine as Neighbors. This particular family were Loyalists during the time of Bacons Rebellion and later in Lord Dunsmores War. Why was there less slavery in the back country then in the Tidewater region? What experience do you need to become a teacher? What are the characteristics of coastal plains Class 9? 21 Jul 1766. If youre exploring Southwestern cooking for the first time, too much heat can happen. The lower Chesapeake Bay tidewater region is steeped in history and tradition. (Cumberland)1750 For 100 pounds current money of Virginia, Thomas Guttery, purchased the 400 acres on Pidy branch which he had leased on the 20 Feb 1750. Gutteridge and Gutheridge are generally considered to be English variants of the Guthrie surname. A strong storm, possibly a hurricane, caused the ships to become separated, and the Sea Venture had to be deliberately driven onto the Bermuda reefs in order to prevent her from sinking. The colonies. Regional and county borders changed frequently as our country developed. While borrowers cannot waive VA appraisals the VA will consider requests to waive MPR repairs under three conditions. I do not know the source of his birth and death dates. (Middlesex)1691 Land Grant issued to John Guthry for transportation of others into colony, 200 A in Gloucester County on S. side of Kings Creek, near the Poropotank (James City General Court of 20 Oct 1690) formerly granted Humphrey Dennis 1674 VA State Land Office Patent Book 8, p.158. 1 What are three characteristics of the Tidewater region? The Tidewater is traversed by the James, Potomac, Rappahannock and York rivers, and their tidal estuaries. This land was described as adjoining lands of Thomas Caison, who would have been Thomass brother-in-law. The name comes from the 1585 expedition of Sir Richard Grenville. A political system of government slowly began to emerge in Virginia. The conflict between the natives and the colonists would continue for a decade. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Tobacco in reality did not grow as well in these colonies as it did This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There are five geographic areas: The Tidewater Region, The Piedmont Region, The Blue Ridge Mountains, The Valley & Ridge Region, and the Appalachian Plateau. Parents need to know that Cape Fear is a violent revenge thriller, with references and scenes of sexual assault, directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro. 500-600 acres patented by Loe dated 9 Apr 1674. Meat and Starches: Beef. (My ancestor Robert West, an 8 year old servant of the Lady Dale, is believed to be a survivor of the attack. 1621Fifty-seven unmarried women and girls were brought to the colony by the Virginia Company in 1621 arriving on the Marmaduke, the Warwick, and the Tyger. The large wide buttplate and square cheek piece are of Germanic influence. 1670 - 41,000 Europeans and Africans were living in the Chesapeake area. Tidewater plantations were wealthier than the inland plantations because they both differed in where they did their planting, growing, and . It lies between Chesapeake Bay's western shore and the Fall Line. The coastal Atlantic plain features nearly continuous barriers interrupted by inlets, large embayments with drowned river valleys, and extensive wetlands and marshes. The Tidewater region is life along the coast in the southern colonies, which means there were plantations (large farms). 4 How did Oglethorpes idea to found Georgia help solve a social problem in England? The settlers of Jamestown faced malaria and yellow fever as they settled too closely to. Definition. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It includes Hampton Roads, the rest of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, and the Eastern Shore. The Province of Carolina was originally chartered in 1629, with the first permanent settlement in 1653. Debts owed include debt to John Gootery. The signatories included John Guuteridge, John Guttrige Jr, George Gutheridge who signed the petition as loyalists.1670 John Gulderidge, Sept 15, 1670, 200 acres escheat land formerly granted to John Stile, dec.1676: Declaration of the People of Virginia (List of Grievances against Gov. Copyright 2023 Quick-Advice.com | All rights reserved. they had greater wealth and influence while the settlers of the Dixon Line: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia They all share a swampy, low level, coastal region named the "tidewater" and then as you move across the colony a hilly to mountainous region known as the "piedmont" The climate of these colonies are warm and humid, hot summers provide a long growing season perfect for The different regions welcome Virginia visitors to a wide range of outdoor activities, such as snowskiing in the mountains and playing golf in the valley both in the same day! The region was a gateway for the first Black people brought from Africa to the colonies. 1687. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. John Guthrie Sr of Middlesex and John Guthrie Sr of Kings Creek do not appear to be the same person. Severn and numerous others were called into court and charged with verbalizing profane oaths.1769 Severn and Attalanta Guthreidge sold 445 acres to Thomas Parramore (Accomack Patent Map A42)1770 Judith Welch,indentured servant to Severn Guthridge, delivered a bastard child within the time of her service. The Tidewater Region also includes the Eastern Shore and three other peninsulas; the Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, and the Northern Neck. The name Severn is found in several Accomack families during the 1700s. In reply to the grievances, citizens of Isle of Wight who had been loyal to Governor Berkeley wrote to indicate that they, the petitioners, were not privy to the Grievances of the People to disassociate themselves from the responsible parties. The economies of the two colonial regions were very different due to their differences in their geography. He was also a vestryman and church warden. This name is not found in the baptismal records of Scotland, which may suggest that Severn Guthrie was of English origin and not a Scotsman. Because VA appraisals may increase their repair costs, home sellers sometimes refuse to accept purchase offers backed by the agencys mortgages. After an investigation into tribal laws and practicesincluding a law the tribe removed in 2012 that banned interracial marriagethe U.S. Department of Interior granted the Pamunkey Indian tribe federal recognition on July 2, 2015, stating, The Pamunkey Indian Tribe has occupied a land base in southeastern King . Therefore, while the geographical conditions of the Piedmont and Tidewater regions helped to influence Bacon's Rebellion, there were other factors that had a stronger impact on the start of the rebellion. They were defeated and made peace in 1761. Thank you for posting all of this information! George Corbin was appointed as Littletons guardian.1808 It is unknown whether Littleton Guttridge survived his mother Attalanta, but he died without heirs and the land passed to his sisters. We are proud of what we . Inspect all the lights on your vehicleheadlights, backlights, reverse lights, marker lights, brake lights, turn signals and an often overlooked area: your tag light. Why did Southern colonies live more isolated lives? 1754 A new log Prison was to be built by Severn Guthrey.1755 Orphan boy Ephraim Pratt, son of John Pratt bound out to Severn Guthrey until he is 16 to learn the trade of a house carpenter.1760 Severn Guthrey was named as the plaintiff in a lawsuit against George Booth and others. Oglethorpes idea to found Georgia help solve the social in England because debtors were often persecuted in England, but in Georgia, debtors were able to make up their debt through work. The Colony of Virginia existed briefly during the 16th century and then continuously from 1607 until the . Plantation owners there were using their land to grow sugar cane (and thus needed to import food for the slaves and other residents of the islands). The backcountry was cut off from the coast by poor roads and long distances. In 1617, Governor Samuel Argyll identified 4 incorporations and parishes:1) James City2) Charles City3) Henrico4) Kikotan (Elizabeth City)By 1624, monthly courts were formed for Charles City and Elizabeth City. Instead, they counted upon trade with the local Indian tribes and a consistent resupply of goods from England. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. When researching our ancestors, it is always a good idea to understand a little bit about the area they settled. The Great Dismal Swamp, which is a series of swamps scattered from Virginia to North Carolina, is North Carolinas largest wetland area. I was interested to read about Severn Guthrie because a member of my family, Phillip Parker III, was apprenticed to him. There is no established birth date for John Guthrie Sr in the records. Virginia's Tidewater region clusters around Norfolk and Newport News, two of the best natural ports on the East coast and a major Navy presence. Almonds. 1608The settlers constructed their first fort, but there were few skilled laborers or farmers amongst them. (Middlesex)1687 John Gutteridge listed as one of men thought capable by the court to serve as footmen and to find themselves armes. Family farms were clustered near one another for mutual support. & Eliza. The tidewater region was made up of rich, southern _____ owners and were near the _____ coast. The southern region had the Tidewater which was a lowland with hot climate . Among these were Lady Dales tennants consisting of men & boys in Charles City borough. In many ways, Pennsylvania and Delaware owed their initial success to William Penn. If this is the same man, the data suggests that he was neither John Guthrie of York or John Guthrie of Kings Creek, but a third party who died back home in Scotland. (Halifax)1777 In the deeds of Halifax County, Thomas Guthrey bought 1/4 section (160 acres) on the Dan River from John Rowe on 16 OCT 1777. This puts Daniel Guthrie at the exact place and time to be a relative to Edward Guthrie.One genetic clue may help us bust through the brick wall for this line. It accounts for about 40 percent of fish exports today. This is just wonderful information. D: Leonard Guthrie & Mary Evans/ Florence Tilghman, F: William Guthrie & Lettice Burk & Frances Wilbourn, F: William Guthrie & Mary Magdalene Roarke, K: Robert Guttery & Elizabeth Betsy (MNU), M: William Guthrie & Gennie Totten & Catherine McRae, C: William Guthrie & Ann Hunter / Jacobina McClure, A: William Guthrie & Eleanor Harris Abbott, C: Shadrick Guthry & Malinda Badley / Ruah Ann Roberts, F: John Jack Guthrie & Fairvilla Riddell, Anns Ancestors and Guthrie Research Tree, Library of Congress Map by Jedediah Hotchkiss 1873, Virginia: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries, Kings Creek shown in this War Department Map of Southeastern Virginia (1861), Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County Virginia, Loyalists and Baconians: the participants in Bacons Rebellion in Virginia, 1676-1677, Colonial Prisoners/Convicts Guthrie Genealogy, Mistaken Identities: 2 Guthrie Genealogy. He is a graduate of Christopher Newport University. Captain John Guthrie appears to show up only periodically, just as you might expect of a man who was going back and forth on a ship between Scotland and Virginia on an annual basis. Challenges from France and Spain led the king . The original four incorporations became eight new shires in 1634. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The presence of good harbors and rivers along with its hot, humid climate dictated how the people of the south made a living. So this line of Guthries could potentially be related in some way to Severn Guthrie of Accomack. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. of Jno. However, Henricus was destroyed during the Indian Massacre of 1622, which killed 1/3 of the colonists. The design of this Colonial era longrifle rifle appears to have been highly influenced by examples from Tidewater region which had considerable trade with the English. What did the southern colonies in the Tidewater area consist of? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. I believe that these entries belong to Capt. Since these colonies are in the south the farming season lasted the longest. The backcountry region was made up of . It's the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, James River and Elizabeth River. Jamestown was the original and most important Tidewater settlement. Guttrey was baptz. Each person who entered Virginia to settle was given fifty acres, but in practice the land was awarded to the person who paid the cost of transportation of the emigrant. (Middlesex)1689 CCP Register: John ye Sone of John & Eliza. patternings and the fanciful beasts and hybrid creatures that have come to characterize colonial Andean art."--Jacket. Also on this voyage were the first non-English settlers to the colony. Guthrie is mentioned by William Edward, his former Cabin Boy. What is Tidewater? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. He lived there. The Carolinas had been created after the english civil war ended. 2 : low-lying coastal land. This land of low lying swamps, wide rivers, deep water harbors and the Chesapeake Bay dominated Virginias political and cultural life during the colonial period. (York, VA). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Each of these men had a son by the name of John Guthrie. Tidewater, also called Coastal Plain, natural region in eastern Virginia, U.S., comprising a low-lying alluvial plain on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay between the Atlantic Ocean and the Fall Line (a line marking the junction between the hard rocks of the Appalachians and the softer deposits of the coastal plain). What physical characteristics of Tidewater Virginia made it a region? (Cumberland)1790 Will Recorded in 6 Oct 1790 (Cumberland)1800 Will Proven 22 Sep 1800. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The ship made no less than 5 transatlantic voyages to Virginia & Barbados transporting passengers and convicts. 1611Jamestown was not the only settlement along the James River. Middlesex County is on the northern shore of the middle peninsula on the Rappahannock River. They built great . My take on the records is as follows:Immigrant #1: John Guthrie of York/Kings Creek, and his son John GuthrieImmigrant #2: John Guthrie of Middlesex, and his son John GuthrieNon-Resident: Capt. Fewer enslaved Africans worked on these smaller farms, and most people were of European descent. How did Tidewater areas factor into the economy? The three cultures are Yankeedom, Tidewater, and Appalachia. The middle colonies became known as the breadbasket colonies. Dated 20 Aug., 1695; proved 9 June, 1698. (Halifax)1782 Personal Property Taxes Guthrey, Thomas: Tithes 1, Negroes 0, Horses 2, Mules 0, Cattle 6 (Halifax)1782 Heads of Families Virginia Census of 1782 Household of Thomas Guthrey: 7 white, 0 black. In 1611 he began a construction at Henricus, which was originally envisioned as a possible replacement for the capitals location at Jamestown. This made planting and growing crops easy in the colonies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Those of you whose Guthrie ancestors lived in the coastal regions of Virginia should add additional names, details, and discuss your take on on these Tidewater connections. It is the fifth-oldest surviving English place name in the U.S. He died in 1761 leaving a will which named his sons. A distinctive non-rhotic accent of the Old South was spoken in the Tidewater coastal region of Virginia, best associated with upper-class white speakers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. His widow, Anne, married Capt. The Grand Canyon State The 1687 death of a Captain John Guthrie in Brechin could potentially be the same man, but there is no obvious evidence within his death records to prove it. HELEN GUTHRIEVery little is known about Helen Guthrie who was reportedly born about 1636 in County Donegal, Northern Ireland. On 7 June 1610, the survivors of Jamestown and Bermuda boarded the ships and abandoned the colony. Apparently, they never planned to become self sustaining by producing all of their own food. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. There were numerous rivers in the Southern Colonies' tidewater. 5 Dec 1651. teste, Richard Egleston, James Jakins.1654 John Gutteridge 350 acres, 23 Mar 1654, adj Mr Flintons land. Their family immigrated to Accomack County Virginia at an unknown date. A possible circumstance is that Edward Guthrie was the head of the family of which Thomas Guthrey belonged, but that Thomas himself was genetically not his son.Theory GFG5: Is Edward the father of William Guthrie of GFG5?This theory comes about because William Guthrie 1722-1798 is inferred to be born in Hanover County, VA, where he married and his son stated he was born. The tidewater region developed when sea level rose after the last ice age, resulting in the flooding of river valleys in the coastal plain. John Gufferidge is noted to be on the same property as a neighbor to Nicholas Payne only 1 year before John Guthrie married Elizabeth Baskett. The Captain applied to the Privy Council of Scotland in 1671 for a license to transport vagabonds and convicts to the Americas, which was granted. Both the Chesapeake and New England colonies faced extreme mortality in their early days of settlement. These colonists were freemen and indentured servants. He died May 1833 in Surry County, Virginia. Farms were smaller in the backcountry in part because of the hills and thick forests. If a compromise cannot be reached or the buyer cannot pay the difference, the sale can fall through. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. the Tidewater region in South Carolina and Georgia was especially well suited for which crop? The first reference to slavery came in 1640 when one African indentured servant, John Punch, ran away with two white indentured servants. The Tidewater region's fall line stretched along the foothills of the Appalachian . 1 What did the southern colonies in the Tidewater area consist of? Maryland 2. Reach him at [email protected] or 804-554-6545. The Virginia Colony did not pop up overnight with a thriving population. Culturally, the Tidewater region usually includes the low-lying plains of southeast Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, southern Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 500-600 acres patented by Loe. The 1750 property lease made in 1750 by Thomas Guthrey for 400 acres in Cumberland County Virginia (formed from Goochland in 1749, created from Henrico in 1728) identified Thomas Guthrey as being from King William County. Tidewater, also called Coastal Plain, natural region in eastern Virginia, U.S., comprising a low-lying alluvial plain on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay between the Atlantic Ocean and the Fall Line (a line marking the junction between the hard rocks of the Appalachians and the softer deposits of the coastal plain). (See family memorial in Devon, England)[SOURCE: Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County Virginia][READING: Sprinkle, John Harold Jr., Loyalists and Baconians: the participants in Bacons Rebellion in Virginia, 1676-1677 (1992). 1686. Identifies him as John Guttery of Scotland. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. The Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be a Tidewater region. His furthest proven ancestor could easily be Thomas grandson, but he might come from a related line. Besides the Grand Prix series for the three Hampton Roads running clubs (the Colonial Road Runners, Peninsula Track Club and Tidewater Striders), the Hampton Roads Super Grand Prix (a combination . This article is about the U.S. state. Although previous chieftains had attempted to create a generally peaceful coexistence with English settlers, he was no longer interest in maintaining such an arrangement. Williams father-in-law, Peter Harris, died in Cumberland County, VA, which is the same place that Thomas Guthrey (above) settled. A method of private land distribution quickly evolved, known as the headright system. More on Captain John Guthrie. 4 What are the characteristics of the Atlantic coastal plains? The Second Supply arrived on 1 October 1608, and with it came the first women known to settle in Jamestown. He previously reported for the Virginia Gazette and Tidewater Review. THOMAS GUTHRIE 1711-1786 (GFG8) & MARY CASONThomas Guthrie was a resident of Halifax County, Virginia during the latter half of the 18th century. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
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